
Astaroth
Astaroth appears in early modern spirit catalogues and later illustrated demonology. Source editions matter when comparing the figure’s rank, appearance, and supposed knowledge.

Astaroth appears in early modern spirit catalogues and later illustrated demonology. Source editions matter when comparing the figure’s rank, appearance, and supposed knowledge.

Buer is a spirit associated in magical catalogues with learning and healing. The well-known radial illustration belongs to later printed demonology.

Modern Pagan religious witchcraft, its Gardnerian and Alexandrian traditions, ritual practice, and relationship to Satanism.

A lion-faced Goetic duke who teaches astronomy and the liberal sciences.


Western esoteric systems that adapt Kabbalistic ideas through ritual, correspondence tables, and symbolic interpretation.

Astrology has supplied language and organizing systems to Western esoteric texts. Its historical role should be distinguished from demonstrated predictive effectiveness.

A modern approach to magic that treats techniques and belief systems as tools for practical experimentation.

Beelzebub and related spellings appear in distinct biblical contexts. Later demonological interpretations should not be retroactively read into each earlier occurrence.

Hermeticism names several related traditions associated with Hermes Trismegistus. Philosophical dialogues, alchemical texts, and later occult systems require separate historical treatment.

Sigils are graphic signs used in particular magical systems. Historical spirit seals, ceremonial figures, and modern personal signs should be distinguished.

A winged lion-shaped Goetic duke associated with crafts, philosophy, and learned subjects.

A grimoire with a hierarchy centered on Lucifer, Beelzebub, and Astaroth, followed by spirit operations and practical recipes.

A Mesopotamian wind demon whose image was also used protectively, especially against Lamashtu.

A marked ritual space whose names, divisions, and purpose differ among magical texts and modern traditions.

Objects prepared or used for a particular effect through inscriptions, images, materials, and ritual meaning.

A pentagram is a five-pointed star figure used in different religious and esoteric settings. Orientation and surrounding imagery matter, but do not establish one universal meaning.

How witchcraft has meant an accusation, a magical practice, and a modern identity, with examples from museums and trial records.

Protective charms, witch bottles, and everyday materials in local magical traditions, with documented British museum examples.

A religious movement centered on mediumship and continued personal identity after death, with church teachings and spirit photography.