Context

History

Historical developments in the figure of Satan, demonology, esotericism, and modern Satanist religious identity.

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The Magic Circle, John William Waterhouse's 1886 painting of an imagined witch performing a riteFeatured from this topicWitchcraft
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The Magic Circle, John William Waterhouse's 1886 painting of an imagined witch performing a rite
Updated 2026-10-01

Witchcraft

How witchcraft has meant an accusation, a magical practice, and a modern identity, with examples from museums and trial records.

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Tompkins H. Matteson's 1855 painting of the 1692 trial of George Jacobs, a later artistic representation
Updated 2026-10-01

Salem witch trials

The Massachusetts prosecutions of 1692-1693, the spread of accusations, spectral evidence, and the surviving court archive.

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Historical engraved portrait of Johann Weyer from De lamiis liber
Updated 2026-10-01

Johann Weyer

The physician and author whose Pseudomonarchia daemonum supplied an important source for later spirit catalogues.

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Historical portrait of Eliphas Levi in 1850
Updated 2026-10-01

Éliphas Lévi

A nineteenth-century French occult author associated with ceremonial symbolism and the influential image of Baphomet.

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Photographic portrait of Aleister Crowley in 1929
Updated 2026-10-01

Aleister Crowley

The author and religious figure associated with Thelema, The Book of the Law, and a large body of magical instruction.

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Archival portrait of Anton LaVey in January 1967
Updated 2026-10-01

Anton LaVey

The founder of the Church of Satan and author of The Satanic Bible and The Satanic Rituals.

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Steffi and Kenneth Grant in an archival portrait reproduced by Fulgur Press
Updated 2026-10-01

Kenneth Grant

A British occult writer associated with the Typhonian current, Thelema, and the work of Austin Osman Spare.

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Photographic portrait of Austin Osman Spare as a young artist
Updated 2026-10-01

Austin Osman Spare

An English artist and occult author whose treatment of desire and sigils influenced later magical practice.

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The High Satanic Church community and online congregation
Updated 2026-10-01

Modern theistic Satanism

Modern theistic Satanism refers to contemporary religious currents in which Satan is understood as an independently real deity, spirit, intelligence, or metaphysical presence and is approached through devotion, ritual, prayer, magic, contemplation, or other religious practices. It is part of the wider field of modern Satanism but differs from explicitly non-theistic movements that use Satan primarily as…

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Éliphas Lévi’s nineteenth-century pentagram illustration
Updated 2026-10-01

Occultism and Western esotericism

Occultism and Western esotericism provide an important historical and intellectual background for many forms of modern Satanism, but neither term is a synonym for Satanism. Western esotericism is an academic field encompassing currents such as Renaissance Hermetism, alchemy, astrology, Christian theosophy, Kabbalistic reception, Rosicrucianism, ceremonial magic, spiritualism, occultism, and later…

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Greiffenhagen’s painting of the sons of God and the daughters of men
Updated 2026-10-01

Nephilim

The Nephilim appear in brief biblical passages and in later traditions about giants. Different texts should be distinguished before their accounts are combined.

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An imaginative historical depiction of the Emerald Tablet from Khunrath’s work
Updated 2026-10-01

Alchemy

Alchemy concerns historical approaches to material transformation and the interpretation of nature. Spiritual readings form part of its reception but should not replace the material history.

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A page from Nag Hammadi Codex V
Updated 2026-10-01

Gnosticism

A modern umbrella term for several ancient religious movements and texts concerned with saving knowledge and divine origins.

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A historical title page of the Fama Fraternitatis
Updated 2026-10-01

Rosicrucianism

Traditions associated with the rose and cross, the early modern Rosicrucian manifestos, and later initiatory societies.

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